? [84], In the Southern Russian dialects, instances of unstressed /e/ and /a/ following palatalized consonants and preceding a stressed syllable are not reduced to [] (as occurs in the Moscow dialect), being instead pronounced [a] in such positions (e.g. [510] The year starts with New Year's Day on 1 January, soon followed by Russian Orthodox Christmas on 7 January; the two are the country's most popular holidays. Another important aspect is the reduction of unstressed vowels. [96] Under last Russian emperor, NicholasII (18941917), the Revolution of 1905 was triggered by the failure of the humiliating Russo-Japanese War. [467][468] Some religious minorities have faced oppression and some have been banned in the country;[469] notably, in 2017 the Jehovah's Witnesses were outlawed in Russia, facing persecution ever since, after having been declared an "extremist" and "nontraditional" faith. [35][36] Nomadic pastoralism developed in the PonticCaspian steppe beginning in the Chalcolithic. [376], Russia spent about 1% of its GDP on research and development in 2019, with the world's tenth-highest budget. 148 (Status as of: 21/9/2011)", "National Minorities Policy of the Government of the Czech Republic", "Preedintele CCM: Constituia nu confer limbii ruse un statut deosebit de cel al altor limbi minoritare", "Russian Language Enjoying a Boost in Post-Soviet States", Constitution and Fundamental Law of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, "The World's Most Widely Spoken Languages", "Falling Sonoroty Onsets, Loanwords, and Syllable contact", "Russian Loanword Adoptation in Persian; Optimal Approach", "Russian Loanwords in Persian and Tajiki Language", "Languages, Regional Conflicts and Economic Development: Russia", " ", "Statistical Summaries. [51][72] Russian is spoken by 14.2% of the population according to an undated estimate from the World Factbook. [392], Alexander Popov was among the inventors of radio,[393] while Nikolai Basov and Alexander Prokhorov were co-inventors of laser and maser. On the Origin of Onion-Shaped Domes", "To the New Shore: Soviet Architecture's Journey from Classicism to Standardization", "A Superstar Evokes a Superpower; In Diva's Voice, Adoring Fans Hear Echoes of Soviet Days", "Boris Grebenshikov: 'The Bob Dylan of Russia', "DDT: Notes from Russia's Rock Underground", "Musician, Songwriter, Cultural Force: Remembering Russia's Viktor Tsoi", "What Makes the Russian Literature of the 19th Century So Distinctive? Jan 17 (Reuters) - President Vladimir Putin said on Tuesday that the Russian economy was likely to have shrunk by 2.5% in 2022, but that it was performing better than most experts had predicted. In the 19th, Vladimir Dal compiled the first dictionary that included dialectal vocabulary. [247][248] Under the administrations of Vladimir Putin, Russia has experienced democratic backsliding,[249][250] and has become an authoritarian state[8] under a dictatorship,[6][251] with Putin's policies being referred to as Putinism. km of land area)", "Fertility rate, total (births per woman) Russian Federation", "Russia's Putin seeks to stimulate birth rate", "Migrants Welcome: Is Russia Trying To Solve Its Demographic Crisis By Attracting Foreigners? [192] Russia steeply escalated the war by launching a full-scale invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022. [365][366] Russia's oil and gas production has led to deep economic relationships with the European Union, China, and former Soviet and Eastern Bloc states. Licensed under CC BY 4.0 (license statement/permission). [138] The Soviet Union, along with the United States, the United Kingdom and China were considered the Big Four of Allied powers in World War II, and later became the Four Policemen, which was the foundation of the United Nations Security Council. Some linguists divide the dialects of Russian into two primary regional groupings, "Northern" and "Southern", with Moscow lying on the zone of transition between the two. [352] As of 2016[update], Russia has the world's fifth-largest road network, with 1.5 millionkm of roads,[353] while its road density is among the world's lowest. The most influential Russian architects of the eighteenth century; Vasily Bazhenov, Matvey Kazakov, and Ivan Starov, created lasting monuments in Moscow and Saint Petersburg and established a base for the more Russian forms that followed. [400], Nikolai Vavilov was best known for having identified the centres of origin of cultivated plants. Over the course of centuries, the vocabulary and literary style of Russian have also been influenced by Western and Central European languages such as Greek, Latin, Polish, Dutch, German, French, Italian, and English,[36] and to a lesser extent the languages to the south and the east: Uralic, Turkic,[37][38] Persian,[39][40] Arabic, and Hebrew. [112] Eventually internal border changes and annexations during World War II created a union of 15 republics; the largest in size and population being the Russian SFSR, which dominated the union for its entire history politically, culturally, and economically. [632][633] The Russian national football team reached the semi-finals of Euro 2008. . . To learn how to add open license text to Wikipedia articles, please see this how-to page. [611] Wine has become increasingly popular in Russia in the 21st century. The rule of the new authorities only aggravated the crisis in the country instead of resolving it, and eventually, the October Revolution, led by Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin, overthrew the Provisional Government and gave full governing power to the Soviets, leading to the creation of the world's first socialist state. In winter, temperatures get colder both from south to north and from west to east. About 2 million years ago, representatives of Homo erectus migrated to the Taman Peninsula in southern Russia. In a statement, the military said the soldiers "went together to Hell" after they were struck by missiles. [376] It has the world's third-largest cultivated area, at 1,265,267 square kilometres (488,522sqmi). [297] Since 2011, the Economist Intelligence Unit has ranked Russia as an "authoritarian regime" in its Democracy Index, ranking it 124th out of 167 countries for 2021. Borrowings and calques from Byzantine Greek began to enter the Old East Slavic and spoken dialects at this time, which in their turn modified the Old Church Slavonic as well. [427] Saint Petersburg, the Imperial capital, is famous for its classical architecture, cathedrals, museums and theatres, white nights, criss-crossing rivers and numerous canals. [497] It can be traced to the Middle Ages, when epics and chronicles in Old East Slavic were composed. [24] Flint tools, some 1.5 million years old, have been discovered in the North Caucasus. ", "CDL-REF(2021)010 Opinion No. [61] During his long reign, Ivan nearly doubled the already large Russian territory by annexing the three Tatar khanates: Kazan and Astrakhan along the Volga,[65] and the Khanate of Sibir in southwestern Siberia. Russian (Russian: , romanized:russkiy yazyk, Russian:[ruskj jzk]) is an East Slavic language mainly spoken in Russia. [486] In 2019, the overall life expectancy in Russia at birth was 73.2 years (68.2 years for males and 78.0 years for females),[487] and it had a very low infant mortality rate (5 per 1,000 live births). [22] There are two words in Russian which are commonly translated into English as "Russians" one is "code: rus promoted to code: ru " (russkiyecode: rus promoted to code: ru ), which most often refers to ethnic Russians and the other is "code: rus promoted to code: ru " (rossiyanecode: rus promoted to code: ru ), which refers to citizens of Russia, regardless of ethnicity. WebThe Russians (Russian: , romanized: russkie) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Eastern Europe, who share a common Russian ancestry, culture, and history. [295][296], Since 2004, Freedom House has ranked Russia as "not free" in its Freedom in the World survey. The Russian perspective. [25] Radiocarbon dated specimens from Denisova Cave in the Altai Mountains estimate the oldest Denisovan specimen lived 195122,700 years ago. Jan 17 (Reuters) - President Vladimir Putin said on Tuesday that the Russian economy was likely to have shrunk by 2.5% in 2022, but that it was performing better than most experts had predicted. [44] Rurik's son Igor and Igor's son Sviatoslav subsequently subdued all local East Slavic tribes to Kievan rule, destroyed the Khazar Khaganate,[52] and launched several military expeditions to Byzantium and Persia. Primary school is compulsory for eleven years, starting from age 6 to 7, and leads to a basic general education certificate. The phoneme /ts/ is generally considered to be always hard; however, loan words such as and some other neologisms contain /ts/ through the word-building processes (e.g. [279] Russia maintains cordial relations with Iran, as it is a strategic and economic ally. [440] There are over 193 ethnic groups nationwide. The first East Slavic state, Kievan Rus', arose in the 9th century, and in 988, it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire. [46] The Khazars, who were of Turkic origin, ruled the steppes between the Caucasus in the south, to the east past the Volga river basin, and west as far as Kyiv on the Dnieper river until the 10th century. [62] Moscow's last rival, the Novgorod Republic, prospered as the chief fur trade centre and the easternmost port of the Hanseatic League. [citation needed], During the Proto-Slavic (Common Slavic) times all Slavs spoke one mutually intelligible language or group of dialects. Russia has also sought to increase its influence in the Middle East, most significantly through military intervention in the Syrian civil war. [99][102][103][104] In 2012, A. L. Arefyev published a new study "Russian language at the turn of the 20th21st centuries", in which he confirmed his conclusion about the trend of weakening of the Russian language after the Soviet Union's collapse in various regions of the world (findings published in 2013 in the journal "Demoskop Weekly"). [77] However, upon Elizabeth's death, all these conquests were returned to the Kingdom of Prussia by pro-Prussian PeterIII of Russia. However, the East Slavic forms have tended to be used exclusively in the various dialects that are experiencing a rapid decline. [226] The coldest month is January (February on the coastline); the warmest is usually July. The Russian-imposed governor of Sevastopol, Mikhail Razvozhayev, has posted to Telegram to say that in total the air defences of the Crimean city repulsed 10 drones from Ukraine this morning. The second 20-volumed edition was begun in 1991, but not all volumes have been finished. Therefore, the Russian language is the seventh-largest in the world by number of speakers, after English, Mandarin, Hindi-Urdu, Spanish, French, Arabic and Portuguese. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 14,400,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 29 million active speakers. [141]:295 The Soviet economy and infrastructure suffered massive devastation, which caused the Soviet famine of 19461947. Detailed mapping of Russian dialects began at the turn of the 20th century. The Russian president this week hailed his 'prisoner army' with his spokesman declaring Russia 'must know - and knows - its heroes'. [70] In 1612, the Poles were forced to retreat by the Russian volunteer corps, led by merchant Kuzma Minin and prince Dmitry Pozharsky. ? Analysis", "Oil Market and Russian Supply Russian supplies to global energy markets Analysis", "Gas Market and Russian Supply Russian supplies to global energy markets Analysis", "Russia formally joins Paris climate pact", "Is Russia finally getting serious on climate change? Constitution of the Russian Federation", "Article 17. [54], In Latvia, Russian is officially considered a foreign language. [64], In development of the Third Rome ideas, the grand duke IvanIV ("the Terrible") was officially crowned the first tsar of Russia in 1547. [320], Muslims, especially Salafis, have faced persecution in Russia. [636] However, Russian teams are currently suspended from FIFA and UEFA competitions. [292] In 2021 it was the world's second-largest arms exporter, and had a large and entirely indigenous defence industry, producing most of its own military equipment. [84] The morphology features a palatalized final /t/ in 3rd person forms of verbs (this is unpalatalized in the Standard and Northern dialects). Others divide the language into three groupings, Northern, Central (or Middle), and Southern, with Moscow lying in the Central region. [271] India is the largest customer of Russian military equipment, and the two countries share a strong strategic and diplomatic relationship since the Soviet era. [71] Nevertheless, the Turkmen state press and newspaper Neytralny Turkmenistan regularly publish material version in Russian-language, and there are schools like Joint Turkmen-Russian Secondary School. [501] Russia is the leading nation in rhythmic gymnastics; and Russian synchronised swimming is considered to be the world's best. Occasionally referred to as "autonomous district", "autonomous area", and "autonomous region", each with a substantial or predominant ethnic minority. [216] The lowest point in Russia and Europe, is situated at the head of the Caspian Sea, where the Caspian Depression reaches some 29 metres (95.1ft) below sea level. For example, it is used to distinguish between otherwise identical words, especially when context does not make it obvious: (zamk "lock") (zmok "castle"), (styashchy "worthwhile") (stoyshchy "standing"), (chudn "this is odd") (chdno "this is marvellous"), (molodts "well done!") Ruling from 1682 to 1725, Peter defeated Sweden in the Great Northern War (17001721), securing Russia's access to the sea and sea trade. [449] Russian is one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station,[450] as well as one of the six official languages of the United Nations. However, due to the harshness of its environment, about 13.1% of its land is agricultural,[7] and only 7.4% of its land is arable. See also Russian language in Israel. WebRussian language, Russian Russki yazyk, principal state and cultural language of Russia. [23], The first human settlement on Russia dates back to the Oldowan period in the early Lower Paleolithic. [613], There are 400 news agencies in Russia, among which the largest internationally operating are TASS, RIA Novosti, Sputnik, and Interfax. Russia's national symbol, the double-headed eagle, dates back to the Tsardom period, and is featured in its coat of arms and heraldry. [390] Sofya Kovalevskaya was a pioneer among women in mathematics in the 19th century. [378] More than one-third of the sown area is devoted to fodder crops, and the remaining farmland is devoted to industrial crops, vegetables, and fruits. [136] In August 1945, the Red Army invaded Manchuria and ousted the Japanese from Northeast Asia, contributing to the Allied victory over Japan. [396] Vladimir Vernadsky is considered one of the founders of geochemistry, biogeochemistry, and radiogeology. Also, the second palatalization of velars did not occur there, so the so-called (from the Proto-Slavic diphthong *ai) did not cause /k, , x/ to shift to /ts, dz, s/; therefore, where Standard Russian has ('chain'), the form [kep] is attested in earlier texts. [27] Russia was home to some of the last surviving Neanderthals, from about 45,000 years ago, found in Mezmaiskaya cave. [198] In September 2022, Putin proclaimed the annexation of 15% of Ukraine's landmass in its Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk, and Zaporizhzhia regions, the largest seizure attempted in Europe since World WarII. Mike Myrianthis, a Greek oil industry veteran, believes that whoever bombed the Nord Stream 2 pipeline opened a can of worms. [231] They include 45 biosphere reserves,[235] 64 national parks, and 101 nature reserves. [346] In the aftermath of the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, the country has faced revamped sanctions and corporate boycotts,[347] becoming the most sanctioned country in the world,[348] in a move described as an "all-out economic and financial war" to isolate the Russian economy from the Western financial system. Nevertheless, the spread of MS-DOS and OS/2 (IBM866), traditional Macintosh (ISO/IEC 8859-5) and Microsoft Windows (CP1251) meant the proliferation of many different encodings as de facto standards, with Windows-1251 becoming a de facto standard in Russian Internet and e-mail communication during the period of roughly 19952005. . . Ukraine sent more than 100 Russian soldiers 'to Hell' in a coordinated strike on the frontlines in the battle for the control of Soledar, its military has claimed.. [540] In early 20th-century, Russian neoclassical revival became a trend. : . [473] An additional two or three years of schooling are required for the secondary-level certificate, and some seven-eighths of Russians continue their education past this level. [47][99][100], As inter-ethnic language but with no official status, or. Together with Ukrainian and Belarusian, the Russian language makes up the eastern branch of the Slavic family of languages. Russian, the most spoken Slavic language, is the shared mother tongue of the Russians; and Orthodox Christianity is their historical religion since the 11th century.
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