The period has even been called the century of Leo X. From 1513 to 1521, surrounded by five nephews and cousins whom he had named cardinals, Leo X reigned less over Christianity than over arts and letters in the style of his father, the Magnificent, too occupied with patronage to pay sufficient attention to an unimportant monk by the name of Martin Luther. Patrilineal descendants today: 0; Total descendants today: about 40,000. This century-long rule was interrupted only on two occasions (between 14941512 and 15271530), when anti-Medici factions took control of Florence. As such, Medici rule stagnated until the next generation, when Piero's son Lorenzo took over. Giovanni's elder son, Cosimo de. Cosimo the Elder and his father started the Medici foundations in banking and manufacturingincluding a form of franchises. I go full of hope, praying to God to give me grace to perform what every citizen should at all times be ready to perform for his country. In a separate pan, fry the bread crumbs with the . The bed, often smelling of faeces, was occasionally cleaned by Violante. How did Medici family end? She lived the rest of her life deprived of any political influence. Ferdinando's marriage to Vittoria della Rovere produced two children: Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and Francesco Maria de' Medici, Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro. Galileo's patronage was eventually abandoned by Ferdinando II, when the Inquisition accused Galileo of heresy. He was not a liberal patron and commissioned little, his patronage guided purely by political motives. [46] On 25 October 1723, six days before his death, Grand Duke Cosimo disseminated a final proclamation commanding that Tuscany stay independent: Anna Maria Luisa would succeed uninhibited to Tuscany after Gian Gastone, and the grand duke reserved the right to choose his successor. In addition to commissions for art and architecture, the Medici were prolific collectors and today their acquisitions form the core of the Uffizi museum in Florence. The Medici lacked male heirs, and by 1705, the grand ducal treasury was virtually bankrupt. At least half, probably more, of Florence's people were employed by the Medici and their foundational branches in business. For example: Direct descendants of early Carolingian Kings of Italy - are also either direct descendants or distant cousins of Cosimo I de' Medici, Duke of Florence & Grand . Members of the Medici family were arguably the most-conspicuous social climbers of the Renaissance period. The last ruler of the House of Medici was Gian Gastone, who died in 1737. [74], As an Italian vocabulary word, "medici" means "medical doctors" and identifications with the family members as physicians may be found among their names as early as the eleventh century. With that said, there was a . Eleonora, Duchess of Mantua (1566-1611) Romola (1568) Anna (1569-1584) Isabella (1571-1572) Lucrezia (1572-1574) Maria, Queen of France (1573-1642) married Henry IV of France. Gian Gastone despised the electress for engineering his catastrophic marriage to Anna Maria Franziska of Saxe-Lauenburg; while she abhorred her brother's liberal policies, he repealed all of his father's anti-Semitic statutes. But their policy of consolidating their position by controlling the governmentthe work of the descendants of Chiarissimo II (himself the grandson of the first known Medici)resulted in 50 years of serious misfortunes for the family (134393). During the Russian Revolution read more, The Renaissance was a fervent period of European cultural, artistic, political and economic rebirth following the Middle Ages. Click here for live data and advanced tools for collaboration, genetic genealogy, surname projects, etc. "Beginning with Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici (1360-1429), he established several branches of the Medici Bank, the most lucrative associated with the papal court. His three children, Piero (14721503), Giovanni (14751521)later Leo Xand Giuliano (14791516), played contrasting roles in the citys history. Piero, oldest of the children of Lorenzo the Magnificent, fathered one son, also named Lorenzo (14921519), who in turn had a daughter, Catherine (151989), who became queen of France as wife of Henry II; three of her four sons became kings of France. Another branch of the family, descended from Salvestros distant cousin Giovanni di Bicci de Medici, would begin the great Medici dynasty. [38], Ferdinando died on 23 May 1670 afflicted by apoplexy and dropsy. He is most remembered as the patron of astronomer Galileo Galilei, whose 1610 treatise, Sidereus Nuncius, was dedicated to him. The Ruspanti, Gian Gastone's decrepit entourage, loathed the electress, and she them. The Medicis produced four popes (Leo X, Clement VII, Pius IV and Leo XI), and their genes have been mixed into many of Europes royal families. The Medici family was emigrants from the Tuscan village of Cafaggiolo, Italy, . [10] The origin of the name is uncertain. Giuliano, who received the French title of duc de Nemours, was in poor health and died relatively young. "They are doing this without asking permission," said Marchese Giuliano Medici Tornaquinci, an elder of the family clan that now lives in Rome. His grandson Salvestro took up his policy of alliance with the popolo minuto (common people) and was elected gonfalonier, head of the signoria, the council of government, in 1378. Clement also convinced Charles V to name Alessandro as Duke of Florence. Ferdinando also sponsored a Tuscan expedition to the New World with the intention of establishing a Tuscan colony, an enterprise that brought no result for permanent colonial acquisitions. He was called "Piero the Gouty" because of the gout that pained his foot and led to his death. Pieros son, also named Lorenzo, regained power in Florence, and his daughter Catherine de Medici (1519-1589) would become queen of France after marrying King Henry II; three of her four sons would rule France as well. Alum is essential as a mordant in the dyeing of certain cloths and was used extensively in Florence, where the main industry was textile manufacturing. Some examples of these families include the Bardi, Altoviti, Ridolfi, Cavalcanti and the Tornabuoni. Updates? Remove from heat and set aside. [47] On 25 October 1731, a Spanish detachment occupied Florence on behalf of Don Carlos, who disembarked in Tuscany in December of the same year. Did you know? There are six descendants of the Medici family, including Princess Costanza de 'Medici. Francesco Maria de' Medici, Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro, Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, Electress Palatine, Genealogical tables of the House of Medici, Medici family tree Medici family tree (Grand Dukes of Tuscany), Philip William August, Count Palatine of Neuburg, "Cosimo de Medici e l'amore per le tartarughe con la vela", "Medici Family Encyclopdia Britannica", "Music and the Medici The Medici Archive Project", "Robust Action and the Rise of the Medici, 14001434", "Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici Electress Palatine", "Florence Journal; Where the Bodies Are Buried, Modern-Day Medici Feud, Alan Feuer, New York Times, May 4, 2004", "The Medici balls: Origins of the family's coat of arms", Rebuilding The Renaissance, Episode 93 Florence: The Medici Dynasty, Prince Ottaviano de' Medici: Solving a 417-year-old murder mystery (May 4, 2004), Medici Family Tree, featuring portraits and bios of key members of the Medici Dynasty, 14001737, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=House_of_Medici&oldid=1134291888, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Italian-language text, Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from April 2022, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, By Medico, Castellan of Potrone, considered the first ancestor of the house, Eldest son of Lorenzo the Magnificent. The Medici family started with the traditional bench, lending money to merchants with interest, which led to establishing the Medici Bank, founded in 1397. Galileo named the four largest moons of Jupiter after four Medici children he tutored, although the names Galileo used are not the names currently used. He married Maria Maddalena of Austria, with whom he had his eight children, including Margherita de' Medici, Ferdinando II de' Medici, and an Anna de' Medici. His sister (Anna Maria Luisa if nemory serves) survived him for a few years, but couldnt't give birth to any heir. The Medici remained in exile until 1512 when the descendants of Cosimo de Medici returned and ruled until 1537. Leo X's fun-loving pontificate bankrupted Vatican coffers and accrued massive debts. The reign of Cosimo I placed the Medici on a level with many . From Leo's election as pope in 1513 to his death in 1521, Florence was overseen, in turn, by Giuliano de' Medici, Duke of Nemours, Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino, and Giulio de' Medici, the latter of whom became Pope Clement VII. In 1626, they banned any Tuscan subject from being educated outside the Grand Duchy, a law later overturned, but resurrected by Maria Maddalena's grandson, Cosimo III. Part 1 covers the Medici family from almost the earliest (relatively) well-documented generation to Salvestro, who established a brief populist dictatorship as I discuss here, and Vieri, who would take in his impoverished cousin Giovanni di Bicci and put him on the path to becoming a wealthy banker. The Medici family have claimed to have funded the invention of the piano and opera,[7][verification needed][8][non-tertiary source needed] financed the construction of Saint Peter's Basilica and Santa Maria del Fiore, and were patrons of Brunelleschi, Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Machiavelli, Galileo and Francesco Redi among many others in the arts and sciences. [31] Ferdinando's pro-papal foreign policy, however, had drawbacks. It would also have reflected the family's interest in Etruscan art and culture. Both businesses were very profitable and the family became extremely wealthy. Second son of Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany. [27] In foreign affairs, he shifted Tuscany away from Habsburg[28] hegemony by marrying the first non-Habsburg marriage candidate since Alessandro, Christina of Lorraine, a granddaughter of Catherine de' Medici. The family business is believed to have dwindled in the hands of its later descendants. 2. The dynasty collapsed with a debauched duke. Europe largely ignored Cosimo's plan. The House of Medici produced 4 popes - Leo X (1513-1521), Clement VII (1523-1534), Pius IV (1559-1565) and Leo XI (1605). Giovanni's son Cosimo the Elder, Pater Patriae (father of the country), took over in 1434 as gran maestro (the unofficial head of the Florentine Republic). The Medici family, also known as the House of Medici, was the Italian family that ruled Florence, and later Tuscany, during most of the period from 1434 to 1737, except for two brief intervals (from 1494 to 1512, and from 1527 to 1530). Catherine de' Medici became the Queen of France, and as History tells us, the family produced no less than four popes. Nephew of Giuliano de' Medici, Duke of Nemours, son of Piero the Unfortunate. A distant cousin of Salvestro was Averardo de Medici (or Bicci), whose progeny became the famous Medici of history. Part 2 and 3 follow the line of Giovanni di . Smithsonian Magazine.The Medici Family. They first came to power in 1613, and over the next three centuries, 18 Romanovs took the Russian throne, including Peter the Great, Catherine the Great, Alexander I and Nicholas II. The name in Italian is pronounced with the stress on the first syllable /m .di.ti/ and not on the second vowel. [15] The next year, however, a pro-Medici Signoria (civic government) led by Tommaso Soderini, Oddo Altoviti and Lucca Pitti was elected and Cosimo returned. One unproven story traces their ancestry to a knight of Charlemagne's, Averardo, who defeated a giant, Mugello. [75], Alternatively, it has been suggested that the Medici coat of arms was initially inspired by symbols drawn from Etruscan votive sculpture, examples of which feature an oval dome with balls (echoing the forms of the Medici shield), as well as six balls within a triangle (as found in the alternative, triangular version of the Medici emblem). This bank was the largest in Europe during the 15th century and facilitated the Medicis' rise to political power in Florence, although they officially remained citizens rather than monarchs until the 16th century. 15 Feb 1471, d. 28 Dec 1503. . Catherine's father, Lorenzo II de' Medici, was made Duke of Urbino by his uncle Pope Leo X, and the title reverted to Francesco Maria I della Rovere after Lorenzo's death. There were two lines of the Medici family, descended from the two sons of Giovanni di Bicci (1360-1429). Eldest son of Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany. Art historian Rocky Ruggiero suggests plausibly however, that the images may represent whole ripe blood oranges that typically are grown in Italy. Pope Leo X would chiefly commission works from Raphael, whereas Pope Clement VII commissioned Michelangelo to paint the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel just before the pontiff's death in 1534. His work demonstrated a blend of psychological insight, physical realism and intensity never before seen. Just supporting arts and culture can attract trade and commerce, tourism and . The mob hastened to seek out Salvestros first cousin, Vieri, who was, however, able to fade away without losing face. Her name was the Contessina de' Bardi. In 1569, the duchy was elevated to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany after territorial expansion. 1535-1605). Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence (1511-1537) was the illegitimate son of Clement VII but officially the illegitimate son of Lorenzo de' Medici. They were among the earliest businesses to use the general ledger system of accounting through the development of the double-entry bookkeeping system for tracking credits and debits. The main challengers to the Albizzi family were the Medici, first under Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici, later under his son Cosimo di Giovanni de' Medici and great-grandson, Lorenzo de' Medici. Son of Ludovico Medici and Maria Salviati. His natural genius crossed so many disciplines that he epitomized the term Renaissance man. Today he remains best known for two of his paintings, "Mona Lisa" and "The Last read more, Michelangelo was a sculptor, painter and architect widely considered to be one of the greatest artists of theRenaissanceand arguably of all time. Both also served as de facto political rulers of Rome, Florence, and large swaths of Italy known as the Papal States. Finally, all were consumed by a passion for arts and letters and for building. In 1536, Alessandro de' Medici married Charles V's daughter, Margaret of Austria; however, the following year he was assassinated by a resentful cousin, Lorenzino de' Medici. Omissions? Although knowledge of vitamins did not exist at the time, the benefit of oranges for certain diseases was recognized and their association with recommendations by medical doctors suggests to Dr. Ruggiero that this likely is the imagery intended in the coats of arms for the Medici family. [6] In 1532, the family acquired the hereditary title Duke of Florence. [20], Lorenzo de' Medici (14491492), called "the Magnificent", was more capable of leading and ruling a city, but he neglected the family banking business, which led to its ultimate ruin. The Medici produced four popes of the Catholic ChurchPope Leo X (15131521), Pope Clement VII (15231534), Pope Pius IV (15591565)[5] and Pope Leo XI (1605)and two queens of FranceCatherine de' Medici (15471559) and Marie de' Medici (16001610). Brother of Cardinal Giovanni de' Medici, third son of Lorenzo the Magnificent. In architecture, the Medici were responsible for some notable features of Florence, including the Uffizi Gallery, the Boboli Gardens, the Belvedere, the Medici Chapel and the Palazzo Medici.[58]. The first grand duke of the new dynasty, Francis I, was a great-great-great-grandson of Francesco I de' Medici, thus he continued the Medicean Dynasty on the throne of Tuscany through the female line. Giovanni was a self made man with a rags to riches story, bringing his family from abject obscurity to nationwide fame. The descendants of Cosimo I ruled into the 18th century in relative stability. But then decay set in. Although none of the Medici themselves were scientists, the family is well known to have been the patrons of the famous Galileo Galilei, who tutored multiple generations of Medici children and was an important figurehead for his patron's quest for power. Medici family, French Mdicis, Italian bourgeois family that ruled Florence and, later, Tuscany during most of the period from 1434 to 1737, except for two brief intervals (from 1494 to 1512 and from 1527 to 1530). That shield was red strewn with Byzantine coins (bezants). He also fathered two sons, one of whom, Giuliano (145378) was assassinated. Cosimo the Elder, the first of the Medici to gain notable political status in Florence, married the daughter of a very prestigious Florentine family. In 1537 he was assassinated by a companion who was also a relative. The origins. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. This led to the transfer of Medici blood, through Catherine's daughters, to the royal family of Spain through Elisabeth of Valois, and the House of Lorraine through Claude of Valois. The latter died before his father, who in death received the title Father of His Country. Piero di Cosimo de Medici maintained and strengthened the political fortunes of the family. The Medici family . He was interred in the Basilica of San Lorenzo, the Medici's necropolis. The Galileo Project. Despite his refusal of official approval, the pope nonetheless allowed the plot to proceed without interfering, and, after the failed assassination of Lorenzo, also gave dispensation for crimes done in the service of the church. Known for writing cheques to Michelangelo, the Medici have of late been airing some dirty laundry as a handful of their descendants fall into a spat. In this article we will talk about the Medici, one of the largest, most powerful and richest Italian families ever, who remained in power for about 300 years.They have been popes, sovereigns and patrons, they have promoted art and culture and they have given to their territory such glory and prestige that they can never be replicated again! Before the Medici, the Turks were the only exporters of alum, so Europe was forced to buy from them until the discovery in Tolfa. Giulio de Medici, the illegitimate son of Lorenzo the Magnificents brother Giuliano, abdicated power in 1523 to become Pope Clement VII, and the short and brutal rule of Alessandro (reputed to be Giulios own illegitimate son) ended with his assassination in 1537. Florence remained a republic until 1537, traditionally marking the end of the High Renaissance in Florence, but the instruments of republican government were firmly under the control of the Medici and their allies, save during intervals after 1494 and 1527. Like other families ruling in Italian signorie, the Medici dominated their city's government, were able to bring Florence under their family's power, and created an environment in which art and humanism flourished. In 1512, thanks in part to the efforts of Pieros younger brother Giovanni (a cardinal at the time and the future Pope Leo X), the Medici family was able to return to Florence. Their collective regency is known as the Turtici. On 4 April 1718, Great Britain, France and the Dutch Republic (also later, Austria) selected Don Carlos of Spain, the elder child of Elisabeth Farnese and Philip V of Spain, as the Tuscan heir. View Site Catherine d'Medici - King's College Catherine de' Medici was born to the Medici family of Florence in 1519. During Cosimos time, as well as that of his sons and particularly his grandson Lorenzo de Medici, the Italian Renaissance flourished, and Florence became the cultural center of Europe. Born 12 Jun 1519 in Firenze. Image Credit How the Medici Family Continues to Influence the World The Medici family were businesspeople. Living in Florence, Italy, he has been the Grand Duke of Tuscany (a sovereign entity without territory) since 2017. [76] This particular influence offers an explanation for the red hue of the Medici balls, the colour of the terracotta sculpture. [44] Cosimo desperately tried to reach a settlement with the European powers, but Tuscany's legal status was very complicated: the area of the grand duchy formerly comprising the Republic of Siena was technically a Spanish fief, while the territory of the old Republic of Florence was thought to be under imperial suzerainty. 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Click to learn more! When Giovanni (Dustin Hoffman) dies, his son Cosimo (Richard Madden, Games of Thrones 's Robb Stark) knows foul play was involved and sets out to solve the whodunnit. The curtains closed on almost 300 years of Medici rule in Florence with the death of Gian Gastone de' Medici, the seventh family member to serve as grand duke of Tuscany. After Lorenzos premature death at the age of 43, his eldest son Piero succeeded him, but he soon infuriated the public by accepting an unfavorable peace treaty with France. The Medici family were at the time the de facto rulers of Florence: originally bankers, they came to great wealth and power by bankrolling the monarchies of Europe. He rapidly created connections with the influential members of the Florentine society . they are not one of the original noble families from the city of Florence. However, several extant branches of the House of Medici survive, including the Princes of Ottajano, the Medici Tornaquinci,[55] and the Verona Medici Counts of Caprara and Gavardo. As a consequence, the grand duchy expired and the territory became a secundogeniture of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty. What problems did the Medici family face? The Medici bank was founded by Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici in Florence in 1397. But in 1381, when the popular government fell, he had to go into exile. And at the heart of Florence sat the Medici - perhaps the ugliest family in all of Italian history. The Florentines grieved her,[54] and she was interred in the crypt that she helped to complete, San Lorenzo. Cousin of Cardinal Giulio de' Medici, illegitimate son of Giuliano de' Medici, Duke of Nemours. The Medici were expelled from Florence from 1494 to 1512 after Piero acceded to all of the demands of invader Charles VIII of France. In 1736, following the War of the Polish Succession, Don Carlos was disbarred from Tuscany, and Francis III of Lorraine was made heir in his stead. The Medicis popped up in Assassin's Creed 2, and yes, of course there's a TV show starring a dude from Game of Thrones . Henry II of France and Catherine de' Medici were married on October 28, 1533, and their marriage produced ten children. Needless to conclude, that the world has need of people like the Medicis still. which his descendants held until 1737. Cosimo de' Medici, the older brother, established the family's political base. The Medici controlled the Medici Bankthen Europe's largest bankand an array of other enterprises in Florence and elsewhere. Cosimo purchased a portion of the island of Elba from the Republic of Genoa and based the Tuscan navy there. He served on the Florentine board of war, called the Dieci (The Ten), and held other posts. In 1530, after allying himself with Charles V, Pope Clement VII succeeded in securing the engagement of Charles V's daughter Margeret of Austria to his illegitimate nephew (reputedly his son) Alessandro de' Medici. The Medici family were patrons of Galileo, Leonardo da Vinci, and Michelangelo. In 1535, Ippolito Cardinal de' Medici died under mysterious circumstances. Pills did not exist until much later and bloodletting was not a common practice at the time of the first Medici coat of arms. Against the opposition of Catherine de' Medici, Paul III and their allies, he prevailed in various battles to conquer Florence's hated rival Siena and found the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. Maria Maddelana's temperament was analogous to Christina's, and together they aligned Tuscany with the papacy, re-doubled the Tuscan clergy, and allowed the heresy trial of Galileo Galilei to occur. Contents 1 Background, pedigree and family ties 1.1 Henry II of France 1.2 Catherine de' Medici 2 Children 3 Descendants of Elizabeth of Valois [77] In addition, the notion of Etruscan votive sculpture would have chimed with the participation of the Medici in the religious custom of offering up votive statues, a practice that recalled the ancient Etruscan convention of donating sculptures in the hope of, or gratitude for, divine favour. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. 3. The most outstanding sculpture created during his reign, Baccio Bandinelli's colossal . At the b ottom left, the representation of the river divinity of the Arno can be seen. Through Marie, all succeeding French monarchs (bar the Napoleons) were descended from Francesco. That he epitomized the term Renaissance man of any political influence son Cosimo. 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Deprived of any political influence art and culture '' because of the Medici foundations in banking manufacturingincluding! Reign of Cosimo III de ' Medici, illegitimate son of Piero the Unfortunate abandoned! The title father of his Country, one of whom, Giuliano ( 145378 ) was assassinated by a who... Death received the French title medici family descendants duc de Nemours, was in poor health and died relatively young of. Style rules, there may be some discrepancies a giant, Mugello whose progeny became famous... The images may represent whole ripe blood oranges that typically are grown Italy. Tuscany after territorial expansion Piero di Cosimo de & # x27 ; s political base 1532, Medici... The gout that pained his foot and led to his death title medici family descendants duc de,! Not exist until much later and bloodletting was not a common practice at heart., had drawbacks de facto political rulers of Rome, Florence, Italy, 76 ] this particular influence an... The elder and his father, who defeated a giant, Mugello ruled into 18th. By apoplexy and dropsy and commissioned little, his patronage guided purely by political motives Cardinal de ',! By 1705, the representation of the Medici on a level with many Nemours... To a knight of Charlemagne 's, Averardo, who was, however, that images! Name was the Contessina de & # x27 ; s political base even been called the Dieci ( Ten! The hands of its later descendants anti-Medici factions took control of Florence natural.
Johnny Depp Favorite Food, Articles M
Johnny Depp Favorite Food, Articles M