Some African startups have attracted interest from Silicon Valley venture capital firms. CV VC intends that it will act as a leading enabler, through the launch of its African Blockchain Early Stage Fund. AFD Group is an active long-term partner, combining financing and technical and strategic assistance. Africa's Top 21 Startup Accelerators 1. Full Undergraduate Scholarships for International Students It allows entrepreneurs to acquire the office space, hire staff, and purchase equipment that is essential for their businesses. Startups in French-speaking sub-Saharan Africa continued to lag their counterparts in the larger Anglophone markets but did attract more interest. Application Deadline: May 31st, 2022. Marketforce, Mono, PiggyVest, RelianceHMO and Nomba are some notable names on its portfolio. developing Countries Scholarships Startups raised $4.6 billion in 2021 itself a record year. Once the company has its start-up funding, it will start growing fast and attracting customers. The Mauritius-based VC closed 60 deals in 2022, averaging more than one deal every week. Loans and Grants for Small and Big Business 2023 Scholarship Positions And even though the industry is still in its early days, it has made indelible progress. Https Www Opportunity Desk And since then, it has been one of Africas most active startup investors. This support mainly targets start-ups financed by AFD Group via PROPARCO & FISEA and addresses the following issues: Consult the list below to see the local partner incubators and find out more about the services available (financing, mentoring, training, etc.). Charles Rapulu Udoh is a Lagos-based lawyer, who has several years of experience working in Africas burgeoning tech startup industry. Candidate SMEs will be analyzed to assess their development potential in order to validate the relevance of financial support. So, if you haven't yet started to apply, here is a good place to start learning about them. Pre-seed funding is designed to help a startup get off the ground and typically comes from the founder of the startup and any close friends, family members, and supporters. 2023 Grants for Small Business in Nigeria Co-Creation Hub Foreign investors have been dominant contributors to Africas numbers since 2015. But Algeria and Tunisia also feature in the top 10, the former boosted by a $150 million round by Yassir, one of a few African startups aiming to build a WeChat-like super app. It was founded by Jesse Ghansah and Barima Effah and is expected to launch in June 2021. Last January, FinDev Canada - Canadas development finance institution - invested $13 million in the Energy Entrepreneurs Growth Fund (EEGF), which invests in early and growth-stage energy startups in Sub-Saharan Africa. Cameroon, Chad, Democratic Republic of Congo, Cte d'Ivoire/ Ivory Coast, Benin, Burkina Faso, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Niger, Dijbouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mauritius, Rwanda, Somalia, Somaliland, Tanzania, Uganda, Burundi, Malawi, Madagascar, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Angola, Mozambique, Lesotho, Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia, Congo, Agence d'encadrement et de dveloppement des PME, Association Entrepreneurs & Dveloppement, Sngal, Cte d'Ivoire/ Ivory Coast, Madagascar, Burkina Faso, Niger, Cameroon, Ghana. Rather than wait for traditional solutions, African entrepreneurs are using technology to digitise traditional industries such as banking, health, education, agriculture, etc. Although large Africa-focused funds such as TLcom, CAIF and Norrsken are well positioned to help startups in seed and growth stages, smaller funds such as Zedcrest Capital are necessary to act as a supporting cast by providing similar amounts of capital. In the third quarter of 2022, funding declined by 55 per cent year-on-year. Powerful Motivational Quotes for Students Success Quotes English Short Stories for Kids, Cabin Crew Jobs & Career Advice Secretary Job Description Receptionist Job Description Top 100 Interview Questions and Answers How to Prepare for an Interview How to Write a CV How to Choose a Career Computer Shortcut Keys and their Functions, #1 Best Opportunities for Entrepreneurs Website However, African startups maintained their upward trend despite this slowdown. Opportunity Desk Uganda Early-stage venture capital firm Microtraction, which invests in African tech startups at the pre-seed stage, has announced a US$15 million first close of its second fund, counting a number of established African tech startup founders among its LPs. Startups raised $4.6 billion in 2021 itself a record year. Market consolidation and development (geographical expansion and product diversification). Scholarship-positions.com Canada After several years over year and quarter over quarter, the African Fintech sector continues to represent the majority of funding raised on the continent in 2022. Sponsored Short Courses for Developing Countries 2025 "We focused the report on a data set of 40 African blockchain companies. The funded start-ups benefit from capacity building via external technical assistance. Short Term Training Scholarship for Developing Countries 2024 We are very excited to work with CV VC as a blockchain ambassador to enable the further emergence of blockchain as a resource on which Africa can build and outreach globally.". Sign up for Semafor Africa: A rapidly-growing continents crucial stories. Seed Funding for African startups 2022 The Tony Elumelu grant (TEF) and the Africa business heroes prize 2022 are the major seed funding programmes for startups in 2022. They use The African tech ecosystem has shown impressive growth in the last decade, and many investors want to have a seed in this thriving ecosystem. Among the 25 Business Grants for African Entrepreneurs and Startups listed below you will find good funding opportunities for Africans. Although it is difficult to find, there are several different sources of startup funding, including private investors, foundations, and angel investors. Podeum was founded in 2022 by Ayush Prashant, Dhananjay Mishra, Mayank Sharma, and Parthsarthi. Startup Grants 2024 Take survey here. Opportunities for Nigerians Data from Africa: the Big Deal shows that African startups raised more than $4.85 billion by the end of December, a 4.75 per cent increase over the same period last year. The startup operates a venture-funding platform connecting startups and investors, with anyone able to buy equity in a listed startup for as little as US$10. AfricInnov and AfriLabs. As the global. These organizations are committed to supporting entrepreneurs across the continent and helping them create sustainable businesses. Opportunity Desk Scholarship 2025 Over $150,000,000 Opportunities for African Entrepreneurs Copyright 2022 Zawya. Commonwealth Scholarship Malaysia Across the east African region, only 10% of all funding for startups went to local founders, according to a 2017 study by Village Capital. committed to supporting African start-ups by 2022, in partnership with local partners See and/or download documents Lynk transforms the informal sector in Kenya With Andela, the best developers are also trained in Africa Digital Africa seed fund pdf Fisea+english version Size: 2.68 MB Download Preview pdf Choose Africa Brochure Size: 1.60 MB Required fields are marked *. 2022. Early-stage entrepreneurs across the region are creating innovative online and offline models responding to critical products and service needs. In addition to assisting with general business needs, PROPARCO can also provide targeted support to address the main challenges encountered by start-ups when they scale up. The survey will only take 2 minutes to complete, and your feedback will help us improve future stories. Grants for Entrepreneurs 2025 Commenting, Vronique Haller, The charge daffaires, Embassy of Switzerland to South Africa, said: Blockchain has the potential to be a catalyst for positive change and to shape the future of our continent. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. 2024 Grants for Small Business in Nigeria Global Founders Capital is a great source of seed funding for African startups. Commonwealth Shared Scholarship 2024 Short Course Scholarship for Developing Countries 2023 AFD works with 4 partners that are experts in supporting and financing digital innovation in Africa: the consortium made up of the African Business Angels Network (ABAN) and AfriLabs, the Greentec Capital Africa Foundation, the association Entrepreneurs & Dveloppement, which draws on the capacities of the Investisseurs & Partenaires group, and the Mercy Corps Europe Suguba consortium. Hiine, who co-founded the startup with Hans Osnabrugge and Jorne Schamp in 2016, hopes to tap the payment platform to enable more people across the continent to make international calls through its app. The report shows in detail how Africa has self-accelerated blockchain as a transformative force for society and the economy, and how pioneers continue to reinforce the need for more unified action on regulation and infrastructure. PhD Scholarships for International Students - Fully Funded! Akiba Digital's longer-term plans are ambitious and worth keeping an eye on. But were not just solving socio-economic issues: Were also offering micro-entrepreneurship and income generating opportunities to our growing network of agents across the country.. Opportunity Desk 2023 AFD Group is convinced that start-ups play an essential role in developing innovative solutions that meet the needs of developing and emerging countries. 20 Business Grants for African Entrepreneurs and Startups This has already bolstered resilience as a road map to how and why the world needs to embrace blockchain as a transformative technology. The continent's tech economy is its stronghold Concluding the launch of the African Blockchain Report, Ian Putter, head of the Blockchain CoE&CA Training Office at Standard Bank Group, the largest African bank by assets, said: Africa matters. Postgraduate Scholarships for Developing Countries And for those writing, theyre going back to 2018 times where they take months for due diligence. Some examples of successful exits include Stripe, which acquired Lagos-based startup Paystack for $200 million. Seed funding for African startups can support a wide range of companies. And from last years data, we see that even a tech winter did not stop them from deploying capital to the continent. Some African startups have been able to raise US$1 billion in the past five years. Kenya: Call for Applications for Startup Funding Insights from two Black tech founders in Philly on raising capital from VC's, even when the percentage of money going to Black founders is so low. Youth Entrepreneurship Grants in Africa Most investors are not writing checks right now. Phd Scholarships for African Students 2024 Consult the list below to see the local partner incubators and find out more about the available services (financing, mentoring, training, etc.). 2023 Opportunity Desk These projects, and other in the field, are validating our business model and technology in its intended operating environment, a crucial step before we scale the business to start making an impact in the fight against plastic waste. Undergraduate Scholarships for African Students For growing start-ups, Catalyst provides additional financing (up to EUR 60,000) alongside the investment of a business angel. Available free as part of an open-sourcing initiative with industry partners, alongside the full list of 481 Nigerian tech startups. In 2022, it was the seventh-most active investor in Africas startup ecosystem with 20 deals. The company plans to use the new funding to launch a pan-African payment platform next year and grow its VoIP market share. Business Grants in Kenya 2024 In October 2021, Payday raised a $1 million pre-seed fund to "build PayPal for Africa". 8. Your email address will not be published. The Nigerian Startup Ecosystem Report 2022 from Disrupt Africa dives into the Nigerian ecosystem by analysing active startups, local support networks, and funding and exit activity over the last 7.5 years. Marketforce, Mono, PiggyVest, RelianceHMO and Nomba are some notable names on its portfolio. Ronaldo v Messi: the last dance in Saudi Arabia or a fresh start? 2025 Grants for Small Business in Nigeria IPAT will provide the selected companies with funding (in the form of repayable advance) ranging between EUR 20,000 and EUR 300,000. They receive a EUR 20,000 award and a year of support to continue and implement their project. The Tony Elumelu Entrepreneurship Programme has a mission of empowering young Africans to create jobs and create businesses. As a result, global startup funding was slow. If you are an entrepreneur looking for local investors, please contact directly our local partners. The fund says it expects the negative impact on venture funding to accelerate in the second half of this year as global investors revert to pre-COVID investment deployment levels, taking months to close deals and focusing on backing startups with strong unit economics. Senegal is the regions leading tech hub, with the $112 million raised by its startups being twice more than the next best countries DR Congo and Cte dIvire. Seed funding is also known as start-up capital, or seed investment. Despite the continent witnessing more VC investments in H1 2022 compared to H1 2021 (an estimated $3 billion pumped according to several data trackers), it has yet to mint a single unicorn after eight months. scholarships for Developing Countries in Africa Kenya: Call for Applications for Startup Grants Months after the initial close of its seed round, Talk360, a South African Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) startup, has raised an additional $3 million, bringing the total investment raised in the round to $7 million. The GreenTec Capital Africa Foundation offers an ad hoc financing facility for start-ups that join its program to prepare support for Venture Building, in the form of a repayable loan with a 0% rate of up to EUR 25,000. AFD supports structures that encourage innovation and entrepreneurship, such as incubators, accelerators and hubs. - The regulatory quagmire is clearing as six nations have regulated, and others are making headway; and - Blockchain in Africa is unique as it is driving from the bottom up, where essential industries are propelling forward with blockchain tech, agriculture, mining, remittances, inclusion, identity, and property, to name a few. Many Africans cannot rely on vast, centralised, regulated infrastructural systems. The Knight Fund will see Zedcrest Capital back startups that, for some reason, are finding it hard to raise a Series A round or prefer to rally a bridge round before going to the market for the venture round. Digital Africa funds Under this initiative, Agence Franaise de Dveloppement (AFD) is making the EUR 15m Digital Africa seed fund available to innovative African start-ups. Africa offers lucrative investment opportunities The African continent is emerging as a vibrant technology investment location. Seed Funding for African Startups 2025 Opportunities for Entrepreneurs 2023 In addition to being sports fans, the founding team has a decade-long association with startups and now unicorns Flipkart and Udaan. The awards happened just as our first Beetle machines were being deployed, and GSA gave us a strong platform to amplify the awareness of our company, helping repay the belief of our initial investors while providing a gateway to access future funding. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. It was also the year the accelerator set up shop in Lagos, Nigeria. The company said its internet calling app has connected 2.3 million people worldwide so far this year, and attained 167% growth in customers and 130% in revenues. PROPARCO has a team dedicated to equity financing for start-ups seeking to market the, Fuz, an innovative investment facility to support start-ups deploying technological solutions for the real economy in Africa. ), mergers and acquisitions, in countries such as in the Delaware, New York, UK, Singapore, British Virgin Islands, South Africa, Nigeria etc. Many will also remember 2022 as the year of, Ventures Platform has made over 60 investments since its launch in 2016. We invested more into Talk360 based on its strong progress in the South African market to date, as well as its potential in the rest of Africa. Loans and Grants for Small and Big Business 2024 1. "As the world enters the decade of the fourth industrial revolution, building on blockchain as a transformative tech, it is worth recanting the main theme from this year's WEF, Working Together and Restoring Trust. The biggest tech hubs kept their strong leads with Nigeria and Kenya each topping a billion dollars in funding. The technology aims to address the growing impact of single-use plastics on the health of both local communities and the environment, while also providing a sustainable source of energy and job creation to address energy poverty and power micro-economies in underserved communities throughout Southern Africa and the world. The tech ecosystem in Africa is growing rapidly, and many startup founders will expect to make a decent exit. A pre-seed startup investment round precedes Seed and Series A rounds, and may follow funding from an angel round or a period of bootstrapping with your . It has funded several fintech startups, including toast.com and Fintech Africa. Since 2011, LoftyInc has invested made over 160 deals on the continent, including many stand-out names like Flutterwave and Andela. African startups have great business ideas, but they need seed funding to get going. The goal of this accelerator is to invest in 100 startups from the African continent over the next four years. Advance Africa Scholarships 2024 Advance Africa Scholarships 2025 African startup funding broke new records in 2022 reaching $4.8 billion, according to data from startup tracker, Africa: The Big Deal. (EUR 15,000 in cash funding) By OFA - septembre 7, 2022 Application Deadline: November 12, 2022 ASIP is a program launched by Telecel Group as part of CSR activities. Seed Funding for African Startups 2024 Grants for Startups in Kenya 2025 Will privatisation rescue Kenyas national carrier? We are also excited to work with Plastics Pirate in Australia, who are already using our technology to clean up plastic pollution threatening the Great Barrier Reef.. Were still investing in seed from our first fund but we are also going to slow down because the biggest opportunity right now will be in this pre-Series A, said Adedayo Amzat, founder and CEO of Zedcrest Capital. These grants are offered to entrepreneurs in the country, regardless of their industry or country of origin. Since our first investment, the company has shown spectacular growth, and a genuine ability to crack the challenge of distribution in Africa. With its Digital Africa seed fund, AFD is supporting four programs to assist and finance digital start-ups right from the start of their activity. They use Opportunities for Entrepreneurs 2024 Current Scholarships 2023/2024 - Fully Funded, Full Undergraduate Scholarships 2023/2024, Fully Funded Masters Scholarships 2023/24. Grants for Entrepreneurs 2023 The firm had 28 deals in 2022. From 55 startups successfully funded in 2015 to 359 in 2020, Africa appears to be at the dawn of a startup revolution, with the ecosystem growing at a 46% annual rate, which is six times faster than the global average, according to BCG. ScarabTech, which was founded in 2018, specialises in the development of small-scale and extremely efficient plastic-to-energy devices known as Beetles. These machines, which were created utilising specific software algorithms and design, heat plastic waste, creating a vapour that is then caught and reconstituted into carbon-neutral fuel that can power generators and engines. But its also pertinent to know where this liquidity is coming from. Dean Hiine, the startups co-founder and managing director for Africa, told TechCrunch that existing digital payment methods in Africa are scattered and some involve lengthy and complex processes, affecting its conversion rate. The biggest tech hubs kept their strong leads with Nigeria and Kenya each topping a billion dollars in funding. So if a startup has a short runway, you need someone who can give you money and will not take five months to make a decision, added Amzat referencing his funds capacity to fill in this need. Hes also a corporate governance and cross-border data privacy and tax expert. As an award-winning writer and researcher, he is passionate about telling the African startup story, and is one of the continents pioneers in this regard. The app has active users in more than 170 countries, including South Africa, Zimbabwe and Bangladesh. The GSA is Africas largest independent start-up ecosystem competition and an exclusive mechanism for the GIIG Africa Develop to locate, fund, and scale Africas most innovative entrepreneurs with SDG-aligned clean energy solutions. The firm has a very-early stage fund, Ventures at Zedcrest, that targets pre-seed and seed companies. "African economies are in danger of even further marginalisation due to macro trends towards economic deglobalisation. Opportunities for Youth in Africa "Legitimate Opportunities for Entrepreneurs Available Now" The talk of the town is that African startups are feeling the pressure of the global market downturn and venture capital slowdown as these international investors pull out term sheets and cut back the number of rounds previously earmarked for the region. Commonwealth Scholarship 2023 Short Term Training Scholarship for Developing Countries 2023 Grants for Startups in Kenya 2024 Business Grants for African Entrepreneurs 2025 Acting as a window, each partner offers a specific program and activates their own financial instruments to implement the fund locally. Odusote Mayokun. This funding is crucial to African startup growth, and it will boost the economic growth of Africa. 2022. SeedStars World SeedStars World is one of the business grants offered to entrepreneurs from Africa. It allows: This financing mechanism for African start-ups in their seed phase complements all the tools available to accelerate the growth of small and medium-sized enterprises. Nigerias fintech unicorn Flutterwave and Kenyas B2B retail platform Wasoko each raised over $100 million for the top spots on the leaderboard. He has closed multi-million dollar deals bordering on venture capital, private equity, intellectual property (trademark, patent or design, etc. Flat6Labs, an Egyptian accelerator, comes in at sixth place among Africas top investors. Opportunities for Africans in Europe Undergraduate Scholarships for Africans Scholarship Positions Undergraduate Commonwealth Shared Scholarship 2023 Prospectus Commonwealth Shared Scholarship 2024 Prospectus This way, we can be sure of the relevance of facts from which we can benchmark forward. The new platform will allow users across the continent to buy products and services using any currency and more than 160 payment methods. Google want to bridge the existing fundraising gap for Black startup founders in Africa's fast-growing technology landscape. Weve seen the company convert users to paying customers by offering them relevant services, and making this accessible in an easy, affordable, reliable and trustworthy way, said HAVAC Managing Partner Ian Lessem. Neither we nor our affiliates guarantee the accuracy of or endorse the views or opinions expressed in this article. Partnering with the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs CV VCs public-private partnership with the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO), intends to see CV VC build the first-ever, blockchain-focused accelerator for Africa. entrepreneurial solutions partners (esp), in partnership with the u.s. african development foundation (usadf) and close collaboration with ecobank, has launched the african resilience initiative for entrepreneurs (arie) - a pan-african initiative to provide financial and technical assistance to 300 entrepreneurs (approximately 70% of whom will be It's more than a 250% increase from last year's . Grant Opportunities for Entrepreneurs 2024 With the proper funding, African startups can achieve their dream. JICA Business Funding for African Startups and Businesses Journalism and Media Innovation Reporting Grants in Africa KCDF Giving For Change Grants in Kenya LeadTech Grants for African Female Entrepreneur Loans and Grants for Small and Big Business MICF Business Grants in Malawi for Economic Resilience and Recovery December 20, 2022 Nigeria's Forceful Digital Money Push Is Making Its 'Unsung Heroes' Nervous; Startup Grants 2025 Through the Google for Startups Black Founders Fund Africa, Google is supporting early-stage, Black-founded startups on the continent. The African Business Angel Network (ABAN) is a pan-African non-profit association. Business Grants for African Entrepreneurs 2024 Commonwealth Shared Scholarships 2025 Insights from two Black tech founders in Philly on raising capital from VC's, even when the percentage of money going to Black founders is so low. Most notable in the report is the evidence of the brilliant mindset, energy, and tech capability of the many great founders who are leading the African blockchain revolution in a manner that is exemplary to the rest of the world. Phd Scholarships for African Students 2023 A small number of other organizations and foundations are also stepping up to help African startups grow. Scholarships for Developing Countries 2025 Founders Factory Africa closed 18 deals in 2022, ranking it ninth among Africas top investors. Masters Scholarships for African Students 2025 Founded in 2017, this startup raised $1.1 million in seed funding. $20,780,000+ *Data updated daily at 18:00 EAT. For context, African startups could barely raise $300 million in equity funding between April and May 2022. Masters Scholarships for Developing Countries Grant Opportunities for Entrepreneurs 2023 Nigerian Tech-enabled Furniture Startup Taeillo Raises $2.5M New Funding. The strong need to structure and build the expertise of these companies in a hyper-growth phase (governance, HR structuring, retaining and attracting talent, implementation of management systems). Following a preselection process, entrepreneurs will have access to operational experts who will help them prepare a 6 to 12-month action plan for their development. Scholarship for African Students in Europe If you are a hub, incubator or an entrepreneur seeking support and financing, you can directly contact our local partners. Grants for Entrepreneurs 2024 CEO Tebogo Mokwena says this funding will help the company assess and possibly scale other African markets. AFD Group is an active partner that combines long-term financing and technical and strategic assistance. The Government of Canada (20 deals) The Government of Canada is a newcomer to the top ten investor list, having closed 20 deals in 2022. AUC Venture Lab 5. Barbee said the GIIG Africa investment will be used to help the business finalise the Beetle reference design and ready to commence commercial production by December 2023, based on the insights acquired from these projects. Computer Shortcut Keys and their Functions Keyboard Function Keys, Short Stories for Kids - Moral Stories English Short Stories for Children - Moral Stories for Kids - Stories for Kids - Funny Story for Kids - Scary Stories for Kids - Really Funny Short Stories - Bedtime Stories In 2022, it was the seventh-most active investor in Africas startup ecosystem with 20 deals. Fully Funded Youth Opportunities 2023 As a blockchain investor and builder of international startup ecosystems, CV VC commits to investing in the broader applicability of blockchain to solving problems and creating new markets beyond crypto. Their field of action covers 45 countries. Support, co-working spaces, networking, etc. expects the negative impact on venture funding to accelerate in the second half of this year as global investors revert to pre-COVID investment deployment levels, taking months to close deals and focusing on backing startups with strong unit economics. Grants for African Entrepreneurs 2025 This is what CV VC intends to do with other drivers in Africa, said Mathias Ruch, co-founder of CV VC. Required fields are marked *. Scholarship for Developing Countries 2024 Opportunities for Youth Funding Opportunities for Entrepreneurs 2023 Nigerian trade-tech startup Norebase secures $1m pre-seed funding 0 By Tom Jackson on May 6, 2022 Nigerian trade technology startup Norebase, which is building a single platform for businesses to start, scale and operate in any African country, has secured a US$1 million pre-seed funding round to accelerate its growth. 2025 Opportunity Desk Scholarships for Developing Countries in Africa Seed funding for African startups can also be obtained through angel investors and VC funds. Startups in this region have made significant progress in developing their product and business models. Opportunity Desk India Scholarship 4dev Funding Opportunities for Journalists 2023/2024, Scholarship 2023/24 Phd Scholarships for African Students 2025 Read it now. Cameroon, Chad, Democratic Republic of Congo, Cte d'Ivoire/ Ivory Coast, Benin, Burkina Faso, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Niger, Dijbouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mauritius, Rwanda, Somalia, Somaliland, Tanzania, Uganda, Burundi, Malawi, Madagascar, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Angola, Mozambique, Lesotho, Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia, Congo, Agence d'encadrement et de dveloppement des PME, Association Entrepreneurs & Dveloppement, Sngal, Cte d'Ivoire/ Ivory Coast, Madagascar, Burkina Faso, Niger, Cameroon, Ghana.
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